In 1970, fifteen years after the founding of Brigham Young University-Hawaii a book entitled The Distinctive College: Antioch, Reed and Swarthmore provided us a check list on how to determine what makes a great university. [i] In his study, Yale sociologist Burton R. Clark listed five features he said contribute to what he called "a strong institutional saga:" They are:
(1) Leadership of men holding "specific gifts of the body and spirit,"
(2 ) Recruitment and retention of a faculty and staff, who collect and gain the power to protect their cherished ideals and practices,
(3) Curriculum [and "living laboratories"] that express the history.
(4) A student body that becomes a force in defining the central idea of the college, and
(5) A social base of external believers, including alumni who provide interests, moral support and resources. It is from these five factors that the saga becomes a forceful momentum" with an "air about the place." [ii]
My purpose today is to share the spiritual side of the history of the Hawaii campus of Brigham Young University as it celebrates its Jubilee. Although Professor Clark's guidelines are used to frame my talk, what is more important are criteria revealed to the apostles, prophets and others who have directed and contributed to our unique history.
Elder Boyd K. Packer tells us "there are always two opposing convictions in a university. On one hand, is "seeing is believing" or the objective, scientific approach. However, the second subjective method of " believing is seeing " through faith, is even more essential for us to recognize a truly distinctive university.
The Savior Himself provided the basic mission statement for educating the whole man and mind in December 1832 when he specified: "And as all have not faith, seek ye diligently and teach one another words of wisdom; yea seek ye out of the best books words of wisdom; seek learning, even by study and also by faith." [iii]
"Both are true! Elder Packer exclaims. "But each in its place. The integration and the ability to combine study and faith is the challenge of each of us, and since 1955 has been the firm foundation philosophy of this university and all LDS Church schools. "Neither influence will easily surrender to the other. "They may function for a time under some sort of a truce, but the subtle discord is ever present." [iv]
In order to eliminate any chance of dispute or confusion, let us first review the "seeing is believing" approach: how outsiders evaluate BYUH. Our struggle to survive and achieve credibility and distinction hasn't been an easy expedition. But after 50 years, we are now able to testify, as Vice President for Academics Keith Roberts reminds us "We have arrived!" That is certainly true. But we still have much to do before we are able to rest on our laurels.
At the risk of all getting swelled heads and hearts, we still need to be reminded where we are during this Jubilee Year, according to the standards of the academic world.
(1.) In the last five years, we have been ranked by U.S. News and World Report in the top ten tier of the best universities and colleges in the western United States. [v]
(2) In June 2004, Consumer's Digest placed us on the top of its list of private schools for value. [vi]
(3) Twenty-two national championships have placed BYUH among the "elite sports programs for small colleges." Fifteen of those titles have been won since 1995. [vii]
(4) Our approach to evaluation, say officers of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) has "raised the bar for all other colleges and universities within the association." [viii]
(5) In a 2003 letter Dr. Hazel Symonette, concluded that what BYUH has achieved, thanks to its students, is rare and profoundly inspiring. It brings together people of different races, colors, ethnicities, and cultures in such harmony. It is an exemplary lesson of excellence for higher education as well as other institutions!"
But this university is much more than just pats on the back and polite praise. What is often overlooked by outsiders is "believing is seeing" or faith in a living God and in His intricate involvement in the history of our university. Without such a testimony no one can fully understand what Lanny Britsch and David Hannemann have described as "The Miracle on the North Shore." [ix]
J. Elliott Cameron, said the history of this university is "intimately intertwined" with other units in Christ's Kingdom, all moving forward together. "It is not by accident that the Polynesian Cultural Center, the Hawaii Temple, the Visitor's Center and Brigham Young University are here together on the North Shore, away from the[mad'ning crowds] and scurry of the modern metropolis." [x]
Alton Wade saw us as "an isolated campus on an isolated island in a small and isolated community. " But this is not by happenstance. This is exactly where the Lord wants us to be--here on the North Shore where we can do His will, to a degree unhampered by the world." [xi]
In his book Professor Clark concluded that the bottom line of a unique university is "the story or legend that captures the allegiance of its leaders as well as faculty, staff, students and even outsiders."
Such a story is more than a mission statement. Initially; the mission is simply purpose, something men and women in organizations hold before themselves, as we use scriptures as daily guideposts in our personal lives. On rare occasions, however, the mission statement may evolve as an account that tells "what the organization has been and what it is today-- hence by extension what it will be tomorrow."
The saga as defined by Clark is "a historically based somewhat embellished understanding of a unique university." It offers in the present "a particular definition of the organization and suggests common characteristics of its members."
The saga is deeply felt by many members, thereby becoming a part, even an unconscious part, of "individual motive." It embraces the participants of a given day and links together, successive waves of participants over major periods of time." [xii]
The historical vision that has linked "successive waves" of men, women, children, students and millions of outsiders to La'ie began in February, 1921 While observing a multi racial group of children at a flag raising at the La'ie elementary school, Elder McKay envisioned an even greater institution. After meeting with missionaries on Maui the next day he said he would write the First Presidency recommending that such a school be built in Hawaii.. [xiii]
The historical pattern of God revealing his will to his prophets (Amos 3:7) that Elder McKay exercised in 1921 had already been initiated by Joseph Smith, in 1820. It continues as the foundation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and of this university.
As explained by Elder Jeffrey Holland, Joseph Smith's life asked and answered the question 'Do you believe God speaks to man?' In all else that he accomplished in his lifetime, Joseph Smith, like President McKay, "left the resolute legacy of divine revelation."
Such manifestations, Elder Holland said, are "not a single, isolated revelation without evidence or consequence." They are not "a mild sort of inspiration seeping into the minds of all good people everywhere, but specific, documented, ongoing directions from God." [xiv]
Columbia University historian Richard Bushman has added. "At a time when the origins of Christianity were under assault by forces of Enlightenment rationality, Joseph Smith [unequivocally and single handedly] returned modern Christianity to its origins in revelation." [xv]
In the same way that Joseph Smith returned modern Christianity to its origins, President McKay called for new directions for higher education in the Pacific. He was not only the spiritual father of this university. He became the father of the LDS church education system. In BYUH we see an alternative model for other universities that by default do not integrate religion into their institutions. By doing this they deny their youth the opportunity for spiritual development. [xvi]
But President McKay's vision was only the first step -- and perhaps the easiest in our history. Even universities envisioned by modern apostles or prophets do not evolve overnight or "poof" at the snap of a finger. In order to create a college out of sugar cane fields, there must be men and women who worry and work out the details:: "What kind of a college?" "Where will it go?" "Who will build the buildings?" "What will the curriculum be?" "Who will teach?" and most important of all: "Where will the students come from?"
For a poor American Church with only a million and a half members there was the added question: "Who will pay the bills" and how will the youth from the Pacific afford to live in a remote community in Hawaii? And Will they return to their homelands after they graduate?
In the case of BYUH, the university has been blessed with eight extraordinary men, whose job was to answer such questions. Each of them brought to the school remarkable experience and talents, and even "the stubborn beliefs" and "quiet fanaticism" critical in the development of any institution.
Norman A. Kaluhiokalani (Ka-loo-hi-o-kalani) came to La'ie a non member in 1963. After joining the Church and getting his PhD he returned to his alma mater, where he now chairs the Exercise Sports Science Department. Coach K believes that each of the BYUH presidents he knew personally was like "the captain on a ship." He compared our leaders to presidents of the LDS Church, who each had a special mission and focus.
Even though each had his own "charisma" and different personal styles and agendas, all were dedicated to the success of their students learning "by study and also by faith." Few university presidents in the world have ever had such triple duties: to be responsible for the spiritual development and character building of the students as well as their academics. [xvii]
The first president Reuben Law (1954-59) started "from scratch" in old army barracks, before the permanent campus was built by 200 volunteer building missionaries and was able to see the first graduating class. He also had the advantage of a new and a young faculty and 153 students.
Law was followed by Richard Wootton, who presided over the dedication and the first permanent campus, and the Polynesian Cultural Center in 1963. Owen Cook is reported to have known the name of every one of the 1,000 students he presided over. He saw the building of the Oriental Gardens and watched students paint a white "C" on the hill behind the university.
Under pressure from the Board of Trustees, Stephen Brower used a "surgical model" to explore different and new educational programs and alternatives. As a result he was the most misunderstood and maligned of all the presidents. Dan Andersen was the first president to preside over Brigham Young University Hawaii when it was renamed in 1974. Eliot Cameron started the outreach program to China. Alton Wade is remembered for his efforts to strengthen relations with the community. Eric Shumway, our current president, is the second faculty member to have worked his way up through the ranks to president. His service from 1994 through our Jubilee is the longest of any of the eight presidents.
Like BYUH the moral and spiritual capacity of the faculty-- what they give, and the spiritual atmosphere in which students are to learn and receive--does not emerge spontaneously, Elder Packer reminds us: "They happen only if they are caused to happen and thereafter are maintained with unwavering determination." [xviii]
Such unwavering willpower has been the characteristic of nearly all of the men and women who have taught full-time and been mentors in and out of the classroom. [xix] Some have since died and become legends: Kay J. Andersen was Academic Dean from 1960-68, and helped to lay the foundation of academic excellence which continues today; Lance Chase, an academic "renaissance man" taught English and history and later became the chairman of the religion department; David Chen, who grew up in China and swam across a river to escape the Communists, later returned to his homeland as a BYUH faculty member. As such Chen forged links with the nation that President McKay had prophesied would have the gospel taught to them by graduates from this university.
Four others of the original faculty helped to make the curriculum and its faculty distinctive. Nephi Georgi initiated the David O. McKay lectures for distinguished faculty when the college was only eight years old; "Dr. Billie" Hollingshead, who despite a heavy teaching indulged a creative whim by introducing Hebrew to CCH students. The gruff iconoclast Jerry K. Loveland (1955-1999) started what was later to become the Institute of Polynesian Studies. Joseph Spurrier composed the university's alma mater and laid the foundation for BYUH's musical tradition of excellence.
Our own BYUH "living legend," Wylie Swapp, was one of the creators of the Polynesian Cultural Center. He did this while he was teaching art and shared a makeshift office with his wife Lois, a physical education teacher who taught here until she retired in 1988.
Although there have been countless, devoted teachers in the past, the students of today need to be aware of at least two who embody the dedication of hundreds since 1955 Many are from the English Department where evaluating hundreds of papers each semester is part of their lives. Gordon Thomas, who taught from 1960-1974, remembered the time-consuming task he and his colleagues had correcting papers.
Thomas said a desire to help students learn to write extended far beyond the classroom. "I never went to the beach without taking papers," he said. " I never went anywhere without taking papers" [xx] If he ever went to a movie, somebody else would have to drive because he graded papers on the way to Honolulu. If there was an intermission in the movie, or at a play, or concert, he would grade papers during the break. "We all did that," Thomas said about the tradition of tender loving care (TLC) from faculty to students that continues today.
Ross Esplin, held similar loyalty to the college and its students teaching English and journalism. Like Thomas, Esplin graded papers constantly. "That was all he did." d. Because Esplin had cataracts he had to read student papers with a big magnifying glass. A dedicated, painstaking teacher, he spent extra hours day and night with piles of papers, reading them with his magnifying glass. He put his "whole life into this job of grading freshmen compositions," Thomas remembered about Esplin who died in car accident in 1964.
The staff workers at BYUH and PCC are equally dedicated as teachers, advisers and counselors. They continue to play an essential role for students as surrogate parents. They have helped hundreds of students working their way through college as custodians, grounds keepers, at the PCC and in dozens of jobs that have helped the university become a model educational community.
Among the staff members who became legends themselves to embellish the history of BYUH cafeteria workers such as Emily Enos, dorm parents including Joseph Ah Quinn, Tony Castillo on the technology side, and John Haiola, who came with the labor missionaries, but stayed to work behind the scenes polishing, painting and fixing Today dozens of senior missionaries have hearkened to a prophet's call to serve as teachers or volunteers at the PCC and continue the BYUH story in a new century.
Among the better-known of the building missionaries was Alice Pack who accompanied her husband and served as nurse. While working and raising her family Pack took classes at BYUH and graduated at age 5 with her daughter. She went on to get her master's and doctor's degrees and with Ishmael Stagner helped pioneer the university's globally known English Language Institute and help found the TESL Reporter.
For 23 years Ken Kamiya was the manager of the BYUH farm which faculty and students still trek to visit each Thursday after devotionals to buy fresh papaya and bananas. In his job, Kamiya encouraged and set the example for dozens of students at the farm and at a prawn pond. Even a honey bee business was started by Malaysian student See Ba Thee known as "TC."
The history reveals remarkable success in BYUH not becoming "just another liberal arts college." The core of its unique curriculum goes beyond "The Great Books" philosophy of some universities. In addition to seeking "out of the best books' [of the world]" as stated in the Doctrine and Covenants, the required religion classes delve deeply into the dealings of God and man in the Old and New Testaments , the Book of Mormon, Another Witness for Christ , the Doctrine and Covenants, Pearl of Great Price and the teachings of modern prophets such as David O. McKay and Gordon B. Hinckley.
Complementing the in-classroom learning is the out of class laboratories and experience in concert halls, athletic fields, on the twin-hulled Iosepa as well as in church meeting houses for stakes and wards. Such units serve as "cities [or communities] of refuge where students meet to worship, socialize and share common experiences. [xxi] The informal curriculum of the wards allows students to develop leadership, human relations and spiritual skills under religious leaders who are often their professors in the classroom. The bottom line of all the courses and classes is to contribute to the "genuine gold" graduates and leaders President McKay said would influence the Pacific.
In addition to the community created by the ward structure, the Polynesian Cultural Center provides yet another laboratory for culture, music, economics, management, public relations and religion. In the process it has also become a spiritual center touching 750,000 visitors each year, as well as a spiritual and economic "leavening agent" in the Pacific.
The BYUH saga could not have been achieved without its pluralistic student body which remains the most international (per capita) student body in the U.S. and helps define the institution. [xxii] Not surprisingly because of BYUH's prophetic starting point many students believe they have been directed here. For Howard K. Lua, BYUH was "a dream come true."
Lua is among hundreds of local and international students who saw divine guidance in his prospect for higher education. He recalled a child growing up in La'ie, "it was our desire to go to BYU-Provo, Ricks College, or other colleges run by the Church," "We always worked and planned for that day." Because his family was a poor one, however, Lua said any thought of going to college was just a dream.
"We would never be able to find the money to go so far away to school because it cost a lot for air fare and tuition." When CCH was established, he learned that it would be a low cost for locals such as him. "It was like a dream come true for most of us. Here was a school that we could afford, some place to go and learn more and advance ourselves --and it was. " [xxiii]
Charles F. Tuigamala used similar language to describe his feelings when he was offered a scholarship to come to BYU-Hawaii from Papua, New Guinea. "It was a dream come true. The Lord has opened this door for me and I wanted to make the most of it," he said. "The prophecy of President David O. McKay is being fulfilled. I'm sure Papua New Guinea will benefit from the contributions of all its young men and women who come here and then go back to build and strengthen that part of the Lord's Kingdom."
Sometimes the hand of the Lord needs to get some outside help from mothers who are close to the Spirit. Such was the case with Theodore Maeda who planned to attend the University of Hawaii with his friends after he graduated from Waianae High School in 1962. His mother Berniece Young Maeda, however, felt much the same as President McKay did about the infant college in the cane fields.
"The low tuition school was built especially for the students of the Pacific," she told her son. "No, you're going to CCH. The Church has built a school for the local students and that's where you should go," she insisted. [xxiv] Reluctantly, Maeda took her advice and went to La'ie where he grew to love the college and the opportunity for an intimate education where everyone was equal, rich or poor or racially.
He was later elected student body president and after his graduation returned as a member of the BYUH financial department where has been for 30 years. His sister Sharlene B.C.L. Furuto has been professor in the School of Social Work since 1975.
Ishmael Stagner also had to be touched by the Spirit before he came to the college. The Kamehameha School graduate had considered a scholarship to Cornell University when he was approached by Pres. Law at a Stake conference. Although Stagner was anxious "to get off the rock to study on the Mainland, he yielded to the spirit to come to the infant school known as the Church College of Hawaii where he had more opportunities for academic or spiritual growth then if he had gone to larger school. He not only won two terms as student body president but was among the original group of CCH singers and dancer who laid the foundation for the Polynesian Cultural Center.
Such a community of locals, international students and Mainlanders is vital to the history of BYUH because as Professor Clark suggests they "are the material for much of its work." During certain periods in the history of any university, however, a small handful of students may try to manipulate the system.
This has caused repercussions that have detracted from the special spirit that President McKay said he felt in 1958 when the permanent campus was dedicated and which many visitors from around the world still recognize as the distinguishing characteristic of the college.
Elder Packer reminds us, "Spirituality, while consummately strong, reacts to very delicate changes in its environment." "To have it present at all, and to keep it in some degree of purity requires a commitment and watch-care that can admit to no embarrassment when compared with what the scholarly world beyond our boundaries is about" [xxv]
One episode provides an example of how BYUH has defended its claim to distinguish its standards from those that dominate our culture through the mass media and Hollywood. The incident took place in 1964 when professional entertainer Elvis Presley got the word at the Polynesian Cultural Center where he was producing "Paradise-Hawaiian Style." Marie Nin Paongo, the manager of the International Student Services Office today, was a student dancer at the PCC. She remembered that one of the starlets in the Presley movie appeared on the set in "a skimpy little two piece bra type top, with her navel exposed."
After a hurried conference, filming was stopped and the immodestly dressed woman was hustled away. When she returned her outfit had been redone. And her body more covered.... "They had done it because it was not right that a guide at the PCC (or a BYUH student on campus) should be dressed immodestly... [xxvi]
For BYUH to retain and to continue its destiny as a distinctive university, students as well as the entire community must consistently work to sustain the spiritual side through our individual actions. Even the small deviations we make can add cumulatively to wound the university and diminish the spirit.
When most of the students or a vigorous, substantial minority, define themselves as personally responsible for upholding what the college has become and are ready to take on enemies, real or imagined and even our selves, Clark says: then the mission has become to some degree an organizational saga. [xxvii]
As noted by the first president in a 1969 speech, "There is a great spirit at this college, and young folks don't ever forget it. If there is a hint of a wrong spirit or a wrong attitude raising its head here, the real spirit of this school must be helped to prevail for your own good, so that the destiny of this college can continue to be fulfilled abundantly." [xxviii]
The history of BYUH reveals that President McKay was not the only one eligible for a far-reaching vision. Each of us must receive a similar revelation at the personal level to become part of the ongoing saga. This was the advice of Dennis L. Largey who came as a non member to La'ie to surf and play for the national champion volleyball team.
While surfing a half mile off the Crouching Lion in 15 foot waves one afternoon, Largey and Glenn Musick, a returned missionary friend, lost their boards and were caught in the impact zone by a 12 wave set. Largey and Musick realized that unless they got help they would be drowned. It was at that time that Largey began to pray seriously to a God in Heaven that he hadn't taken seriously before. He promised The Lord that if he were not drowned he would look into the Church. Musick exercised his priesthood, the sea went calm, and the two were able to swim to shore.
Later that year Largey returned to his home in California where he studied the gospel and was baptized. When he returned to La'ie, his friends were surprised to learn he had joined the Church but welcomed him with open arms. After graduating, serving a mission and getting a Master's Degree Largey taught here from 1980-1985 and was a campus bishop before joining the religion faculty in Provo. Since then he has edited a number of books including the Book of Mormon Reference Companion . Largey said that both non-members and members need to determine why they're at BYUH so they can envision themselves as worthy graduates who have always contributed to the spiritual environment.
... if you can see yourself working and if you can see the relationship between what you do in school and what you will do after you'll study harder in school. It's when students don't have vision and can only see up to Friday night's date, that they skip classes, and are satisfied with mediocre efforts.... Take advantage of all the opportunities, and don't let others determine your level of performance; you determine it yourself and then go for what you want to do. [xxix]
Although BYUH is never mentioned in Professor Clark's book, it is my understanding that most at this school today have a vision of this school and believe in its saga. BYUH is not only is distinctive but it is an extraordinary university and a model for other colleges and students who will allow themselves to recognize that believing (or faith) is seeing and work hard to achieve their own personal vision.
This does not mean that BYUH has been or now is free of shortcomings and problems. As noted by President Shumway in his introduction to the history being written for the Jubilee, "any one who attempts to write or read an account of BYU-Hawaii must be prepared to take into account both human frailty and divine guidance." This university is remarkable --- but it cannot live in the past or pick at the scabs of its mistakes.
Certainly there are dark moments in the 50 year saga of this campus, moments in which controversy, conflict, mistrust, and misunderstanding thwarted the development of the fledgling campus. But there were infinitely more moments of human triumph and manifestation of the Spirit and love of God. The BYU Hawaii saga is largely an illustration of how the university prevailed over challenges, building a foundation of faith, integrity, and sacrifice. Despite the (distractions) and hardships resulting from human weakness and inexperience, the overarching truth in the history of the Church College of Hawaii and BYU-Hawaii is that there has always been a powerful sense of divine guidance, even divine intervention.
What is apparent, now in our Jubilee year is the history of a "one of a kind" university. It has been achieved through its leaders, faculty, staff, students and alumni who have successfully integrated learning "by study and faith." Most important, BYUH is distinctive because it is built on a foundation of divine, distinctive doctrines.
Such eternal truths are centered on a distinct living God, his Son Jesus Christ, and leaders who act in God's name. Among the prophets of the past was David O. McKay, who founded this school.
Similar prophetic progression continues today through Gordon B. Hinckley and others who continue to direct our history. Because of this each of us know that the Hawaii campus of Brigham Young University did not occur by accident or happenstance. Neither are most of us here by chance or coincidence.
"The Lord's hand is in this community linking BYUH, the PCC and the Temple together," is how Dr. James Smith described the ongoing miracles that continue to happen on our campus and with our worthy students and graduates throughout the world.
As an example, Dr. Smith testified of the sacred experiences our Concert Choir had last year as the first Christian group invited to sing at the revered Shinto Meiji Shrine in Tokyo. "What took place there was much bigger than me, or the Choir or anyone. We were on His mission," he said.
"I thank the Lord for allowing me to be here for 29 years and to join with the other hands and talents who have helped to make this university what it is today."
To Dr. Smith's testimony I add my witness of this continuing saga of a distinctive university directed by prophetic leaders in a distinctive Church.
In the name of Jesus Christ, Amen.
ENDNOTES
[i] Burton R. Clark, The Distinctive College: Antioch, Reed and Swarthmore, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1970.
[ii] Clark, The Distinctive College , 246.
[iii] Doctrine and Covenants 88:118, 173.
[iv] Boyd K. Packer, "I Say Unto You, Be One, Devotional Speech, at BYU-Provo, 12 February, 1991. 89.
[v] U.S. News and World Report ranked BYUH fifth in the West Region for Best Comprehensive Colleges -Bachelor's. BYUH was also recognized as having the best student selectivity and the most international students (41%) for comprehensive colleges in the West.
[vi] Consumer's Digest , May/June,2004, 57-72.
[vii] Scott Lowe, "Campus of Champions: 22 National Titles Place Seasiders Among Elite Sports Programs in the U.S., 40-42.
[viii] Report to Executive Committee, November 25, 2003, 2. Also see letter to Keith J. Roberts, October 2003.
[ix] R. Lanier Britsch and T. David Hannemann, "Miracle on the North Shore: A History of the Polynesian Cultural Center," 1 st draft, to be published in 2006.
[x] J. Eliot Cameron, Selections from Response to his inaugural charge, Feb. 20, 1981. In Following the Vision: Addresses and Statements of the Presidents of CCH-BYUH , edited by Greg Gubler, III.
[xi] Alton L. Wade, "Being a Place of Prophetic Destiny," Devotional, Jan. 7, 1993, in Gubler, III, 52.
[xii] Clark, 235. The idea of BYUH not being a fluke or just a matter of luck has persisted throughout its history. In addition, the president of BYUH Cecil Samuleson in a January 20, 2005 devotional told students "it is not a coincidence that you are here."
[xiii] Samuel Hurst, Journal, February 8, 1921. Quoted by Law, 28-29.
[xiv] Jeffrey Holland, "Prophets, Seers, and Revelators," Ensign , November, 2004, 8
[xv] Richard L. Bushman. "A Joseph Smith for the Twenty-First Century" in Believing History (2204), 274.
[xvi] Patrick Love and Donna Talbot, "Defining Spiritual Development: A Missing Consideration for Stdent Affairs, NASPA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1 Fall, 1999, 361-375.
[xvii] Owen J. Cook, quoted in Gubler,
[xviii] Packer, 89.
[xix] In a January 20, 2005 devotional, Cecil Samuelson illustrated the process of faculty mentoring and the need of students to be thankful to teachers and ancestors who preceded them and dug the well for the present generation to drink from.
[xx] Thomas, OH-386, 6.
[xxi] Jesse L. Embry, Mormon Wards as Community, Binghamton: Global Publications, 2001.
[xxii] Clark, 253.
[xxiii] Howard K. Lua, Interview with Mo'ale Finau, 19 October, 1984, OH-227, 2.
[xxiv] Theodore Maeda, interview with Kenneth Baldridge, 28 October, 1992, OH-40; 2, 1.
[xxv] Packer, 89.
[xxvi] Marie Paongo, interview with Alf Pratte, October 3, 2003, 16, La'ie. Typescript in possession of author.
[xxvii] Clark, , 253.
[xxviii] Reuben Law, Selections from Devotional, May 6, 1969, in Gubler, Following the Vision , 2:11.
[xxix] Dennis Largey, interview with Sherilyn Burnett, OH-228, 7.